Содержание курса
19
разделов
368
уроков
299
тестов
обн. 9 августа 2026
The Modern LLM Landscape
23 урока
1.
Why an engineer needs a map of the landscape
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2.
How the course reads code, and why a few systems recur
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3.
Nine years in fifteen minutes: 2017 → 2026
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4.
A bridge to the classics: taxonomy instead of a zoo
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5.
Two passports: the model and the system around it
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6.
Axis I up close: dense and MoE
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7.
Worked comparison: gpt-oss-120b and Llama 4 Scout
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8.
Axis II: context means length, quality, and cost
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9.
Axis III: modalities are directional
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10.
Axis IV: who controls the reasoning budget?
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11.
Axis V: access, licensing, and practical openness
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12.
Axis VI: the price of a token is not the price of a system
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13.
Dated reference: closed and API families
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14.
Dated reference: open weights and reproducible artefacts
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15.
From public signal to engineering evidence
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16.
openai/gpt-oss as the course’s table of contents
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17.
Code, level 1: a passport from a validated config.json
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18.
Level 2: what the notebook adds
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19.
The course map and the growing series
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20.
Self-check questions
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21.
Exercises with solutions
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22.
Summary cheat sheet
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23.
Notebook and sources
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Tokenization and Embeddings
17 уроков
1.
Tokenization is an architectural decision
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2.
From word vocabularies to byte-level subwords
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3.
Compression is the right analogy—with limits
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4.
The tokenizer as a deterministic program
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5.
Worked example: from UTF-8 to a compression curve
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6.
Level-1 code: a transparent BBPE trainer
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7.
What the notebook adds
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8.
Reading o200k_harmony correctly
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9.
A documented vocabulary landscape
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10.
Fertility, language, and domain
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11.
Embedding cost and weight tying
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12.
Where the token analogy extends to other modalities
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13.
Connections to the rest of the course
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14.
Self-check questions
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15.
Exercises
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16.
Key takeaways
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17.
Notebook and sources
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Positional Representations: From Sinusoids to Multidimensional…
18 уроков
1.
Motivation: content attention is not an ordering mechanism
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2.
The historical arc: one problem, several architectural answers
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3.
Fourier intuition, complex rotations, and what is exact
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4.
Formalism: the frequency ladder and the rotary identity
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5.
Worked example: three placements, one relative displacement
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6.
Reading the RoPE spectrum without inventing a hard horizon
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7.
Context extension changes a spectrum, not just one number
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8.
ALiBi: a distance prior in the logits
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9.
NoPE and hybrid position mechanisms
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10.
Reading gpt-oss positional fields as evidence—not biography
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11.
Level-one code: explicit shapes and explicit scaling placement
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12.
What the notebook validates
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13.
M-RoPE and time-aligned multimodal position
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14.
The 2026 landscape is a branching architecture map
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15.
Self-check questions
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16.
Exercises with solutions
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17.
Key takeaways
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18.
Notebook and primary sources
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Modern Attention Mechanisms
20 уроков
1.
Motivation: two bills hidden behind one decode step
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2.
The historical split: compress the cache or reorganize the…
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3.
Three useful classical views—and where they stop
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4.
SDPA, masks, and the square-root scale
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5.
Worked storage arithmetic: four head layouts and one hybrid…
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6.
GQA is a grouping invariant, not a quality guarantee
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7.
MLA stores a joint latent and absorbs linear maps
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8.
FlashAttention: dense attention without the quadratic HBM object
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9.
Windowed attention and layer schedules
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10.
“Attention sink” refers to two different objects
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11.
Sparse attention selects positions rather than shrinking each…
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12.
Level-one code: transparent SDPA, masks, and GQA
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13.
What the notebook verifies
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14.
Reading the gpt-oss attention implementation
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15.
A contemporary attention landscape with evidence labels
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16.
Multimodal attention: where the visual state is paid for
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17.
Self-check questions
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18.
Exercises
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19.
Key takeaways
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20.
Notebook and primary sources
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Normalization, activations, and the anatomy of a Transformer…
21 урок
1.
Why the quiet fields in a configuration matter
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2.
The historical problem was not “which norm wins?”
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3.
Three useful classical analogies
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4.
The residual stream and what the identity path actually…
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5.
LayerNorm and RMSNorm side by side
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6.
Four norm placements, four computation graphs
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7.
Query/key stabilization is a family, not one universal recipe
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8.
From a two-matrix FFN to gated multiplication
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9.
SwiGLU budgets and the gpt-oss variant
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10.
Reconstructing Llama-3.1-8B exactly
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11.
DyT and DyISRU: removing the feature reduction
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12.
mHC constrains residual mixing, not hidden-state trajectories
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13.
Level-1 code: the pieces we can inspect directly
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14.
What the notebook adds
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15.
Reading gpt-oss from code rather than from a guessed config…
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16.
A current block table with an evidence column
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17.
The same accounting applies to vision blocks
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises with solutions
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20.
Key takeaways
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21.
Notebook and primary sources
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Mixture of Experts
20 уроков
1.
The bargain: capacity without activating the whole bank
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2.
From local specialists to trillion-parameter sparse models
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3.
Three older ideas hiding inside modern MoE
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4.
A typed contract for routing and parameter accounting
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5.
Rebuilding both gpt-oss models from open code
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6.
A numerical router trace
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7.
Load balancing without conflating three mechanisms
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8.
Fine-grained experts and always-on shared capacity
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9.
What expert specialization evidence can actually support
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10.
Inference: the expert bank, all-to-all, and batch union
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11.
LatentMoE and alternatives to fixed discrete top-k
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12.
Level-one code: policies should be visible
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13.
What the notebook verifies
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14.
Reading the gpt-oss implementation
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15.
A source-aware snapshot of current MoE architectures
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16.
Multimodal MoE is not one architecture
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17.
Self-check questions
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18.
Exercises
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19.
Key takeaways
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20.
Notebook and primary sources
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Beyond the Transformer: SSMs, Mamba, and Hybrid Sequence Models
21 урок
1.
Two costs of a long context
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2.
From control theory to hybrid language models
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3.
Three readings of the same recurrence
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4.
Discretization with Zero-Order Hold
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5.
Worked example: the cost of replacing exact ZOH by $\Delta B$
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6.
What selectivity changes in Mamba
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7.
Mamba-2 and the scope of State Space Duality
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8.
Delta-rule memory and adaptive forgetting
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9.
What a fixed state can and cannot preserve
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10.
Memory accounting and core-only arithmetic
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11.
Three hybrid patterns
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12.
Level-1 code: exact discretization, delta update, and scan…
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13.
What the notebook verifies
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14.
Reading the open Mamba implementation
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15.
A current architecture passport
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16.
Audio, video, and other long streams
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17.
Self-check questions
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18.
Exercises
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19.
Key takeaways
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20.
Notebook and primary sources
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21.
Supplementary module 7b: Diffusion LLMs (dLLM)
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Pretraining: Data, Scaling Laws, and Optimizers
20 уроков
1.
Motivation: three irreversible choices
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2.
The historical arc: the objective kept expanding
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3.
Three classical ideas hiding inside frontier pretraining
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4.
Formalism: compute, a fitted loss surface, and its analytic…
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5.
From raw web pages to a training distribution
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6.
Worked example A: two budgets and the cost of a mnemonic
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7.
The isoFLOP valley and the fitted cost of long training
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8.
Inference-aware allocation: when does the smaller model repay…
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9.
The data wall: token counts stop being interchangeable
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10.
Muon: change the spectrum of a matrix update
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11.
MuonClip: correct the parameter source of unstable attention…
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12.
Code (level 1): small functions that expose their assumptions
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13.
Level 2: how to use the module notebook
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14.
µP and MetaP: make small-model tuning informative
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15.
Parallelism: fitting the training state before optimizing…
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16.
Four directions in contemporary pretraining
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17.
Run passports: how to read public evidence
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises
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20.
Key takeaways, notebook, and sources
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KV Caches and Efficient Inference
20 уроков
1.
Motivation: a generated token is a memory transaction
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2.
The historical arc: four successive bottlenecks
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3.
A bridge to classical systems: pages, caches, and queues
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4.
Formalism and worked example A: how many bytes does one token…
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5.
One request, two computational regimes
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6.
Worked example B: the bandwidth ceiling and the KV term
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7.
Batch economics: where weight amortization stops being the…
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8.
PagedAttention: decouple logical length from physical placement
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9.
Prefix caching: do not rebuild an identical beginning
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10.
Tiered placement: when HBM is only the first level
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11.
Prefill/decode disaggregation: give each phase its own pool
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12.
Code (level 1): geometry, bandwidth, and pages
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13.
Level 2: what the notebook makes reproducible
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14.
Compression I: eviction changes which history exists
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15.
Compression II: quantization, low rank, and the order of…
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16.
Engines and cache contracts: a dated map, not a permanent…
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17.
Reading a model’s inference passport
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises
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20.
Key takeaways, notebook, and sources
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Speculative Decoding and Quantization
20 уроков
1.
Two different ways to make a token cheaper
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2.
From exact sampling to deployable systems
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3.
The older ideas underneath the modern stack
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4.
The exact propose–verify–correct cycle
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5.
Worked example A: seeing the balance component by component
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6.
Expected progress per cycle
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7.
A cost model, an optimum, and an illustrative MTP point
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8.
A taxonomy of proposers
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9.
Native multi-token prediction at inference time
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10.
Verification as a short, wider decode operation
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11.
What low-bit quantization actually changes
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12.
Microscaled FP4, W4A4, and the role of hardware
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13.
Code: make the probability contract explicit
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14.
The notebook as an executable contract
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15.
Combining the levers without multiplying away the bottlenecks
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16.
A deployment workflow for current engines
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17.
Reading a quant/spec run passport
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises
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20.
What to retain, notebook, and sources
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Supervised Fine-Tuning and Data Work
20 уроков
1.
Why next-token prediction is not yet an assistant
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2.
From instruction tuning to structured post-training
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3.
Three older ideas hiding inside SFT
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4.
Chat templates are executable contracts
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5.
Label masking: a 56-token example
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6.
Packing variable-length examples safely
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7.
Compute accounting and hyperparameters
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8.
Organizing SFT data by capability
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9.
Reading LIMA correctly
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10.
Synthetic data as a search-and-filter system
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11.
Reasoning demonstrations and the s1 compute scenario
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12.
Teaching a model to use tools
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13.
Level-one code: labels and traceable bins
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14.
What the notebook adds
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15.
Distillation channels
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16.
LoRA and a concrete parameter count
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17.
Reconstructing an SFT recipe from a checkpoint
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises
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20.
Key takeaways, notebook, and sources
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Learning from Feedback: RLHF, DPO, RLOO, and GRPO
20 уроков
1.
The signal changed: from imitation to judgment
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2.
From reward modelling to environment-scale RL
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3.
Three old ideas that organize the new vocabulary
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4.
Classical RLHF as an algorithmic contract
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5.
Worked example A: invert a Bradley–Terry model
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6.
DPO: eliminate the explicit reward model
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7.
Worked example B: read the DPO margin carefully
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8.
Direct preference losses differ by contract, not branding
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9.
RLOO and GRPO: construct a baseline from sibling rollouts
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10.
Worked example D: a deliberately simplified memory model
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11.
Worked example E: rollout generation can dwarf the update
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12.
What later GRPO variants are actually fixing
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13.
Level-one code: the numerical core
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14.
Level two: the executable notebook
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15.
RLVR still obeys Goodhart's law
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16.
Three open patterns: RLAIF, multi-stage reasoning, and…
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17.
How to read a post-training passport
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises
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20.
Key takeaways, notebook, and sources
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Reasoning Models and Test-Time Compute
20 уроков
1.
A second scaling axis
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2.
From longer traces to explicit controls
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3.
Three older ideas hiding inside test-time compute
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4.
What counts as a reasoning model?
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5.
What DeepSeek-R1 teaches us about training reasoning
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6.
Parallel scaling, worked example A: voting can get worse first
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7.
Worked example B: coverage is not selection accuracy
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8.
Sequential scaling and budget forcing
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9.
Failure modes of longer reasoning
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10.
Worked example C: an illustrative budget ladder
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11.
Worked example D: the KV cost of a thought
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12.
Worked example E: why adaptive allocation matters
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13.
Level-1 code: make selection and cost assumptions explicit
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14.
Level 2: the module notebook
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15.
Verifier families
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16.
Distilling reasoning traces
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17.
Reading a model's reasoning passport
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18.
Self-check
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19.
Exercises
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20.
Key takeaways, notebook, and sources
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Multimodal LLMs: Vision, Audio, and Video
20 уроков
1.
Motivation: every modality creates a new budget
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2.
Four families, four places to draw the boundary
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3.
Three older ideas provide the mental model
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4.
The first design: encoder, connector, language decoder
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5.
CLIP, SigLIP, and worked example C: reading InfoNCE numerically
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6.
Worked example A: three ways to spend visual tokens
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7.
Worked example B: when images create ordinary decoder KV
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8.
Connectors are budget control surfaces
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9.
Dynamic resolution turns image content into variable compute
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10.
Unified output reveals a conflict between semantics and fidelity
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11.
Worked example E: video is an information-selection problem
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12.
Thinker–Talker: coordinating two clocks
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13.
Code level 1: geometry before frameworks
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14.
Level 2: what the notebook makes reproducible
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15.
Audio is a continuous evidence stream
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16.
Reading the public landscape by design axis
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17.
Follow one request through a multimodal passport
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises
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20.
Key takeaways, notebook, and sources
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Embeddings, Retrieval, and RAG
20 уроков
1.
Motivation: one query, four opportunities to lose the answer
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2.
Historical progression: each generation restored a signal…
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3.
A bridge to classical methods: three old problems inside RAG
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4.
BM25 and learned sparse retrieval: the branch that protects…
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5.
Dense bi-encoders: learning a semantic space
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6.
Matryoshka Representation Learning (MRL), quantization, and…
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7.
One vector, one pair, or a matrix: where query-document…
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8.
Worked example B: exact search and the arithmetic of ANN
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9.
ANN under the hood: three indexes for three resource constraints
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10.
Hybrid retrieval, reciprocal-rank fusion, and worked example F
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11.
Chunking: deciding what the index is allowed to retrieve
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12.
The full cascade and worked example D: where request latency…
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13.
Level-1 code: hybrid retrieval with explicit contracts
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14.
Level 2: what the notebook makes reproducible
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15.
The evolution of RAG: repair the measured failure, not the…
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16.
Worked example E: RAG or long context
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17.
Evaluation and the embedder passport
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises
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20.
Key takeaways, notebook, and sources
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Agents and Tool Use
20 уроков
1.
Motivation: a response becomes a trajectory
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2.
Historical arc: the control loop became a software platform
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3.
Classical foundations: planning, feedback control, and…
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4.
Anatomy of an agent loop
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5.
Function calling and guided generation: syntax is only the…
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6.
ReAct, Plan-and-Execute, and CodeAct: choosing an action…
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7.
Worked example A: context growth across the loop
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8.
Worked example B: what one agent step costs
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9.
MCP: standardizing connection without outsourcing trust
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10.
Production anatomy: the harness is part of the algorithm
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11.
Worked example C: reliability over a long trajectory
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12.
Subagents and Amdahl’s law
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13.
Level-1 code: a bounded protocol loop
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14.
Level 2: what the notebook makes reproducible
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15.
System landscape: compare action surfaces, not logos
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16.
Benchmarks: each measures a different agent–environment pair
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17.
Reading an agent-harness passport
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises
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20.
Key takeaways, notebook, and sources
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Evaluating Modern LLM Systems: From Benchmarks to Decisions
20 уроков
1.
Evaluation is an instrument for a decision
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2.
The historical arc: every evaluation regime repaired a failure
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3.
Classical measurement theory already knows most of the problems
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4.
How a benchmark loses measurement power
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5.
Build an evaluation map before choosing benchmark names
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6.
Worked example A: are 95.5% and 95.0% distinguishable?
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7.
Difficulty has several sources: HLE, FrontierMath, and ARC-AGI
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8.
pass@k: finding one solution is not the same as being reliable
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9.
Human arenas and composite indices answer someone else’s…
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10.
LLM judges: a synthetic 30-point illusion
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11.
Multimodal capability, safety, truthfulness, and honesty are…
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12.
Long context: accepted length versus usable evidence
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13.
A minimal evaluation harness: one call, one observed output
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14.
What the level-2 notebook makes observable
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15.
A private golden set in seven deliberate steps
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16.
Eight directions shaping evaluation as of August 2026
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17.
Read two passports: the benchmark and the reported run
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18.
Self-check questions
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19.
Exercises
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20.
Key takeaways, course finale, and sources
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(reference). The Basic Transformer
22 урока
1.
Why the Transformer was needed
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2.
Notation and tensor shapes
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3.
Step 1: tokens, embeddings, and positions
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4.
Step 2: scaled dot-product attention
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5.
Masks: who is allowed to see whom
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6.
Multi-head attention
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7.
The FFN: nonlinear processing at each position
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8.
Residual connections and LayerNorm
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9.
The encoder layer and encoder stack
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10.
The decoder layer and cross-attention
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11.
Training: teacher forcing and cross-entropy
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12.
Generation: the same forward pass in a different loop
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13.
A minimal scaled dot-product attention implementation
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14.
A minimal Transformer block
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15.
A complete shape trace for a toy model
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16.
The 2017 original and a modern LLM: what survived
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17.
Common confusions
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18.
Self-check
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19.
Exercises with solutions
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20.
The module notebook
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21.
Reading route and sources
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22.
Final cheat sheet and return to the core course
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Capstone: build a MiniLLM from data to ablations
6 уроков
1.
Project overview and environment
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2.
Pretraining: data, tokenizer, and training
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3.
Post-training: SFT and DPO
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4.
Inference: caching, speculative decoding, and quantization
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5.
Ablations and limits of the conclusions
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6.
Final report and self-assessment
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